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Some animals are protected by their colour. Deer is the colours of the bark and lives in the woodland environment. Snakes and lizards are the colours of the desert. Their predators have a hard time seeing them. Some animals smell bad for protection. Some animals run fast. Some animals have special skins. Porcupines have sharp needles to keep other animals away. Turtles have hard shells.

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Today’s human family or household cannot live without a dog as a social pack. Domestic dogs originated from tamed wolves about 12.000 years ago during the last ice age. The ancient civilizations of Egypt and Western Asia were the first to breed distinctive kinds of dogs. Such as mastiffs and greyhounds. There are now roughly four hundred different breeds of dog. This great diversity is due to the breeding of dogs over hundreds of years by humans, to fulfil particular purposes. Dogs such as collies and German shepherds were used to protect and herd life tock. Hounds and beagles were used for hunting. While terriers - from the Latin word terra meaning “earth” - used their digging qualities to go down rabbit, rat and fox holes. And of course, the Saint Bernard dogs from Switzerland were bred, to rescue lost travellers in the Alps! Nowadays, there are 6.2 million pet dogs in the UK.

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Helen’s car accident was her worst experience on the road. It was 10 years ago and she had just finished La Boheme at the English National Opera. Her husband and she was driving to Yorkshire, where she has a little cottage near her parents. They were nearly there, going into crossroads and the man, who had been drinking was going the wrong way and they had a collision at speed. Helen broke her breast bone and her ribs and the man’s wife was badly hurt. He didn’t have a scratch. As for the car it was completely smashed. It was very sad because it was the first new car they had ever owned, a Peugeot 205 Roland Garros. They gave it away. You can’t sell it after a major crash like that.

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Like any chief executive officer of a company, 11 -year-old Devon Green has a full diary. On Saturday she is scheduled to spend half an hour first thing at her favourite pet’s charity, the Humane Society. From 9.30 to 11.30 she will be at another animal rescue centre, taking delivery of two traumatized cockatoos. Then she does something with her mother. Devon is the founder and leading Devoirs Heal the World recycling company, based in her home town of Stuart, in Florida. The venture grew out of helping her neighbour - she took a bag of cans for recycling - and now makes about 40 (25) pounds each week. Once a week she goes out to collect waste aluminium, brass, copper and stainless steel from local companies. In six years she has developed not just her financial skills, but her corporate perspective. “First it was just for the money. Then it got to be more about cleaning up the environment”, she says.

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In Uzbekistan the government pays great attention to the harvest of raw cotton. According to experts, it was facilitated by increasing financial incentives for cotton- growers, skilful organization of agricultural measures, correct selection of fast ripening and high-yield sorts fitting to climatic features of the region. There were also experiments on the growing of foreign sorts. One of them is the British corporation A. Mercdit Jones and Co. Ltd which is conducting an experiment on growing of Australian sorts of cotton in Uzbekistan in the Fergana Region The project was started in 1997. In the nearest future a joint venture on growing cotton using Australian technology is planned to be established on the base of 10 local farms.The total cost estimate of the project is 17 million dollars. Uzbekistan occupies the second place on export of cotton fibre in the world.

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There are many foods that have travelled from South America to the Old World hut some others went in the opposite direction. Brazil is now the world’s largest grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries. But it is native to Ethiopia. It was first made into a drink by Arabs during 1400’s. According to Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush. He tried one and experienced the “wide-awake” feeling that one-third of the world’s population now starts the day with. Around 1600, the Spanish brought potato from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown.

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How far back do traditional Christmas foods and dishes go? Of all the Christmas foods the British still eat, Christmas cake has perhaps had the most chequered past, reaching its present form only at the end of the 19 th century. In 1843, when Scrooge met the Ghost of Christmas Present amid all the Christmas delicacies on offer were “immense Twelfth cakes”. These have existed at the centre of both Christmas and pagan festivals for more than 1.000 years. A bean and a pea were baked within the cake as emblems of fertility and harvest, health and prosperity. Whoever found the bean became a king for the day, while the pea was for his queen. Both were given crowns and all social rules were thrown aside inhibitions quickly lost in high jinks, games and quantities of drink.

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In August 1999, Susan Beumee found a 200-year-old house on the internet and bought it at an auction before her husband, Hans, had ever seen it. It was a ruin. After three years of hard work and 200.000 pounds, it became a mansion valued at about 1 million pounds with an award from the Federation of Master Builders for restoration. The Beumees don’t want to say how much the house had cost them. It must have cost 300.000 to 350.000 pounds. “It had belonged to an old lady who died, “ Susan says, “and it was in a completely terrible state”. Her secret, she says, was sympathetically, combining the listed building and its restored original features with a new extension. It was a lot of hard work, research and careful planning. A huge kitchen breakfast room was added, a new halfway was created to an iron staircase, which leads up to a new bedroom.

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Leslie Kenton’s father, Stan, had started his jazz band the same month that she had been bomb in 1941 and over three years he became very famous. She spent a lot of time outdoors as she was sure there was a great mystery going on. Her dog (collie), whom she loved very much, was called Tuffie. Mother would let her go exploring in the caves nearby with her dog. But one day, when she was 5, she was picked up by the police and taken borne in the car. Her mother disagreed with the police. She knew nobody would do any harm to her daughter. Her childhood was wild - she went on the road with her father’s band throughout America, Europe and South America and didn’t go to school until she was eleven. Sadly her parents divorced when she was ten. She remembers the day her mother told her they were separating, and they were going to live up in North California. The girl burst into tears.

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In Great Britain the minimum age at which children are legally allowed to work is 14, although some local authorities permit light work from 13. They must not work before 7 am or after 7 pm, during school hours or for more than two hours on a school day. Certain types of work - in commercial kitchens, cinemas, theatres, nightclubs and collecting money door to door -are regarded as unsuitable. Most building societies operate special children’s accounts with higher rates of interest to encourage young savers. Children from the age of about 12 can get a card with which to make ATM withdrawals. Like adults, children also have a tax-free allowance of 4, 615 pounds on savings.

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Velma Sims is a fire fighter in Leicester. She is 39. She has a son of 3. Her husband Joseph is a carpenter. He is forty. Velma does two days’ duty (8 am - 6 pm) and two nights (6 pm - 8 am) a week. Her husband takes their son to the nursery school and picks up from it. Velma returns home at 6.30 pm. They share household jobs and Velma often prepares meals. They put their son to bed, giving him his milk and telling him a story. They take turns saying goodnight. On the days off they go swimming, to the park, or to the library, in the evening the whole family sometimes goes to a restaurant. She gets two weeks holiday in summer and one in winter. They haven’t been away as a family since 2000; they can’t afford it.

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Yuichiro Miura, a professional speed skier, decided to ski down the world’s highest mountain. In 1970, his expedition made the difficult trip up Mt. Everest. Eight men died along the way. The dangers of the climb up were known, but none had ever had the experience of skiing from a 2700 foot peak down a 6000 foot drop that ends with a giant crevice. Miura got down in two minutes, going so fast that he needed a parachute to slow down. But he was nearly killed. After the parachute opened, he lost control, fell and was saved by crashing into a rock. Robin Davidson is a person who enjoys a challenge. In 1977 she set out to cross the Australian desert alone.There were difficult times. She lost her camels, almost ran out of water and was bothered by wild animals and rude tourists. But, she finished the 1700 mile trip and became famous.

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Jim: Carlos, these pictures of the oil spill are great! How did you get there so fast?

Carlos: Well, our plane was delayed in L.A. and ....

Jim: Oh, yeah. The tanker was wrecked just up the coast from there.

Carlos: Right. Anyway. I was sitting around the airport, and I heard the news on somebody’s radio. Off I went.

Jim: This is the best one of the little kid who‘s crying.

Carlos: Yes. Some ducks were covered with oil, and he was trying to save them.

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Uzbek national knives - pichok - are now one of the most popular souvenirs. A knife has always been one of the most necessary things in a household, and in the past it was every man’s companion. However, its social and cultural significance is much broader. First of all, the knife was a regular participant in many traditional rituals. It enjoyed the repute of an amulet by supposedly protecting against injury and evil. The first knives, discovered on the territory of present-day Uzbekistan, are known to have been made during the early Stone Age. Throughout the Middle Ages knives remained a symbol of honour and for this reason great importance was attached to their decoration.

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A dinosaurs’ graveyard found in a remote region of northern China is being hailed as the richest source of fossils in the world. Remains of primitive birds, mammals, insects, plants and dinosaurs have been discovered, apparently frozen at a moment about 135 million years ago when a sudden catastrophe, perhaps a volcanic eruption, wiped them out. Among the most exciting fossils are more than 200 of a primitive bird and several specimens of a chicken sized dinosaur, one with an egg still in its body waiting to be laid. Chinese paleontologists suggest that it may be the first true bird.

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Conversation with the word “OK” can be heard all over the world. This word is used in the USA at least seven times per day. It has replaced the expression all right or alright, which is still used, although far less frequently than it was hundred years ago. The most significant research into the history of ‘O Kay’ has been done at Columbia University. OK was first seen in print in the Boston Morning Post of March 23, 1839. When the editor, Charles Gordon Greene, was interviewed, he said it stood for all correct, spelled all correct.

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A tourism official tells the story of a French visitor who felt insulted when an American waiter followed him to the door, handed him the dollar he had left on the table as a tip and told him: “I think you need this dollar more than I do. Take it.” The French visitor had assumed that the tip had already been included in the bill.

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“Don’t go near the well! Don’t play round it” -Mother Hen used to say to her children. And they never came there. But once a little chicken ran to the well and stopped near it. “Why is the well so bad?” he thought. I’m here and everything is all right with me. Let me see what is there in the well.” He jumped up to look at the well and fell into the cold water. “Help, help”, cried the silly chicken, but nobody heard him.